Rail transport can become faster, cheaper and better with the right regulation and incentives for operators. Well-running trains reduce travel times and get people to work faster, they allow for more business travel and reduce emissions and congestion. The same applies to transporting goods. Efficient allocation of rail track capacity and optimal location and operation of road-to-rail terminals can improve transport conditions, increase export capacity while at the same time reducing environmental impact and road congestion.

Air transport has grown rapidly and airfares have dropped significantly in recent decades following the massive proliferation of European and international air transport. Airlines are competing more vigorously than ever before and are becoming more and more independent. This poses questions about how governments should react to safeguard their economy and capture the most of the economic benefits from air transportation.

It also gives rise to a new competitive situation for airports. An airport may or may not have significant market power, or may only have market power over part of its business. Market power should be assessed, not assumed. If significant market power is found, the appropriate economic regulation should be adopted and careful consideration made whether a full-blown price cap regulation is warranted.

Sea transport is the engine of our global economy. For economies to reap the benefits of international trade they are deeply dependent on efficient sea transport services. Port efficiency and the mechanisms for allocating berthing time in ports is essential for the overall import and export capacity of a country or region.

Road transport is facing more and more congestion and in combination with increased focus on the environmental costs, it becomes more and more important to review the pricing of road usage.